Synonyms: Ñucño Pichana
One of our favorite Amazon herbs! This plant finds traditional use in treating upper respiratory ailments, biliary colic, congestion and menstrual disorders. It also acts as an analgesic for swelling, aches and pains and an antispasmodic2. Research has shown it to be an effective anticancer and antitumoral4. It is also used to treat fevers and mucus build up. Kills viruses, germs, fungi and bacteria. Strengthens the heart and lowers blood pressure. A great general tonic loved by many.
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Vassourinha (NP)™ (Whole Plant) Options
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$14.99
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Suggested Use: Liquids: Use 10-20 drops mixed with water two to three times daily as recommended by a practitioner.
Capsules: Two capsules once or twice daily; Tea: One tsp loose leaf per 16 oz of boiling water.
Cautions: Use under care/advice of a medical practitioner. Not intended for long term therapy.
Contraindications: None documented, however, should not be taken during pregnancy due to its traditional use as an abortive and/or childbirth aid. It is possible it may perpetuate the affect of barbituates and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (antidepressants). May lower blood sugar levels. Diabetics should check their blood glucose levels closely if using Vassourinha.
Ingredients: Extracted in distilled water and 40% organic grain alcohol. Full spectrum powders are in vegetable capsules
More About Vassourinha (NP)™:
1. Acetylated flavonoid glycosides potentiating NGF action from Scoparia dulcis.
Li Y, Chen X, Satake M, Oshima Y, Ohizumi Y.
Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
J Nat Prod. 2004 Apr;67(4):725-7.
PMID: 15104516 [PubMed - in process]
2. Analgesic activity of a triterpene isolated from Scoparia dulcis L. (Vassourinha (NP)™).
Freire SM, Torres LM, Roque NF, Souccar C, Lapa AJ.
Departamento de Fisiologia, UFMA, Sao Luis, Brasil.
PMID: 1841990 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3. Analgesic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory principle from Scoparia dulcis.
Ahmed M, Shikha HA, Sadhu SK, Rahman MT, Datta BK.
Department of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. mua@du.bangla.net
Pharmazie. 2001 Aug;56(8):657-60.
PMID: 11534346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4. Antitumor-promoting activity of scopadulcic acid B, isolated from the medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L.
Nishino H, Hayashi T, Arisawa M, Satomi Y, Iwashima A.
Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.
Oncology. 1993 Mar-Apr;50(2):100-3.
PMID: 11534346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Oncology. 1993 Mar-Apr;50(2):100-3.
5. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1.
Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Hayashi T, Nago R, Ochiai H, Morita N.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
Antiviral Res. 1988 Sep;9(6):345-54.
PMID: 2852487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1.
Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Hayashi T, Nago R, Ochiai H, Morita N.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
Antiviral Res. 1988 Sep;9(6):345-54.
PMID: 2852487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7. Antiviral agents of plant origin. III. Scopadulin, a novel tetracyclic diterpene from Scoparia dulcis L.
Hayashi T, Kawasaki M, Miwa Y, Taga T, Morita N.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
hem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1990 Apr;38(4):945-7.
PMID: 2379289 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8. Cytotoxic diterpenes from Scoparia dulcis.
Ahsan M, Islam SK, Gray AI, Stimson WH.
Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. monira@smpt.udhaka.net
J Nat Prod. 2003 Jul;66(7):958-61.
PMID: 12880314 [PubMed - in process]
9. A cytotoxic flavone from Scoparia dulcis L.
Hayashi T, Uchida K, Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Morita N.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1988 Dec;36(12):4849-51.
PMID: 3246045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10. Effect of an aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis on blood glucose, plasma insulin and some polyol pathway enzymes in experimental rat diabetes.
Latha M, Pari L.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India.
Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004 Apr;37(4):577-86. Epub 2004 Mar 23.
PMID: 15064821 [PubMed - in process]
11. Efficacy of scopadulcic acid A against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
Riel MA, Kyle DE, Milhous WK.
Department of Parasitology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA. Michael.riel@na.amedd.army.mil
J Nat Prod. 2002 Apr;65(4):614-5
PMID: 11975516 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Scoparia dulcis Extract.
Babincova M, Sourivong P.
Department of Biophysics and Chemical Physics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
J Med Food. 2001 Autumn;4(3):179-181.
PMID: 12639412 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
13. Hypoglycaemic activity of Scopariadulcis L. extract in alloxan induced hyperglycaemic rats.
Pari L, Venkateswaran S.
Department of Biochemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. paribala@sancharnet.in
Phytother Res. 2002 Nov;16(7):662-4.
PMID: 12410548 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
14. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1.
Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Hayashi T, Nago R, Ochiai H, Morita N.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
Antiviral Res. 1988 Sep;9(6):345-54
PMID: 2852487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
15. Modulatory effect of Scoparia dulcis in oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin diabetic rats.
Latha M, Pari L.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
Med Food. 2003 Winter;6(4):379-86
PMID: 14977448 [PubMed - in process]
16. In vitro and in vivo study of the clastogenicity of the flavone cirsitakaoside extracted from Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophulariaceae).
Pereira-Martins SR, Takahashi CS, Tavares DC, Torres LM.
Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, MA. Brazil. smartins@rgm.fmrp.usp.br
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1998;18(6):293-302.
PMID: 10052564 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
17. Reversible inhibitions of gastric H+,K(+)-ATPase by scopadulcic acid B and diacetyl scopadol. New biochemical tools of H+,K(+)-ATPase.
Asano S, Mizutani M, Hayashi T, Morita N, Takeguchi N.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
J Biol Chem. 1990 Dec 25;265(36):22167-73.
PMID: 2176205 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
18. Scopadulcic acid B, a new tetracyclic diterpenoid from Scoparia dulcis L. Its structure, H+, K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase inhibitory activity and pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats.
Hayashi T, Okamura K, Kakemi M, Asano S, Mizutani M, Takeguchi N, Kawasaki M, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Morita N.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1990 Oct;38(10):2740-5.
PMID: 1963813 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
19. Efficacy of scopadulcic acid A against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
Riel MA, Kyle DE, Milhous WK.
Department of Parasitology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA. Michael.riel@na.amedd.army.mil
J Nat Prod. 2002 Apr;65(4):614-5.
PMID: 11975516 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
20. Scopadulciol, an inhibitor of gastric H+, K(+)-ATPase from Scoparia dulcis, and its structure-activity relationships.
Hayashi T, Asano S, Mizutani M, Takeguchi N, Kojima T, Okamura K, Morita N.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
J Nat Prod. 1991 May-Jun;54(3):802-9.
PMID: 1659612 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE}
21. Scoparic acid A, a beta-glucuronidase inhibitor from Scoparia dulcis.
Hayashi T, Kawasaki M, Okamura K, Tamada Y, Morita N, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Miwa Y, Taga T.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
J Nat Prod. 1992 Dec;55(12):1748-55.
PMID: 1294695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22. Sympathomimetic effects of Scoparia dulcis L. and catecholamines isolated from plant extracts.
Freire SM, Torres LM, Souccar C, Lapa AJ.
Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Department of Pharmacology, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Jun;48(6):624-8.
PMID: 8832498 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
23. Medicinal plants used for dogs in Trinidad and Tobago.
Lans C, Harper T, Georges K, Bridgewater E.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago. cher2lans@netscape.net
Prev Vet Med. 2000 Jun 12;45(3-4):201-20.
Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial
1. Acetylated flavonoid glycosides potentiating NGF action from Scoparia dulcis.
Li Y, Chen X, Satake M, Oshima Y, Ohizumi Y.
Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
J Nat Prod. 2004 Apr;67(4):725-7.
Three new acetylated flavonoid glycosides, 5,6,4’-trihydroxyflavone 7-O-alpha-L-2,3-di-O-acetylrhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), apigenin 7-O-alpha-L-3-O-acetylrhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), and apigenin 7-O-alpha-L-2,3-di-O-acetylrhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), were isolated from Scoparia dulcis together with the known compound eugenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (4). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 2 and 3 showed an enhancing activity of nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12D cells.
PMID: 15104516 [PubMed - in process]
2. Analgesic activity of a triterpene isolated from Scoparia dulcis L. (Vassourinha (NP)™).
Freire SM, Torres LM, Roque NF, Souccar C, Lapa AJ.
Departamento de Fisiologia, UFMA, Sao Luis, Brasil.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of water (WE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of Scoparia dulcis L. were investigated in rats and mice, and compared to the effects induced by Glutinol, a triterpene isolated by purification of EE. Oral administration (p.o.) of either WE or EE (up to 2 g/kg) did not alter the normal spontaneous activity of mice and rats. The sleeping time induced by sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was prolonged by 2 fold in mice pretreated with 0.5 g/kg EE, p.o. Neither extract altered the tail flick response of mice in immersion test, but previous administration of EE (0.5 g/kg, p.o.) reduced writhings induced by 0.8% acetic acid (0.1 ml/10 g, i.p.) in mice by 47%. EE (0.5 and 1 g/kg, p.o.) inhibited the paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats by respectively 46% and 58% after 2 h, being ineffective on the paw edema induced by dextran. No significant analgesic or anti-edema effects were detected in animals pretreated with WE (1 g/kg, p.o.). Administration of Glutinol (30 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced writhing induced by acetic acid in mice by 40% and the carrageenan induced paw edema in rats by 73%. The results indicate that the analgesic activity of S. dulcis L. may be explained by an anti-inflammatory activity probably related to the triterpene Glutinol.
PMID: 1841990 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3. Analgesic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory principle from Scoparia dulcis.
Ahmed M, Shikha HA, Sadhu SK, Rahman MT, Datta BK.
Department of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. mua@du.bangla.net
Pharmazie. 2001 Aug;56(8):657-60.
Scoparinol, a diterpene, isolated from Scoparia dulcis showed significant analgesic (p < 0.001) and anti-inflammatory activity (p < 0.01) in animals. A sedative action of scoparinol was demonstrated by a marked potentiation of pentobarbital-induced sedation with a significant effect on both onset and duration of sleep (p < 0.05). Measurement of urine volume after administration of scoparinol indicated its significant diuretic action.
PMID: 11534346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4. Antitumor-promoting activity of scopadulcic acid B, isolated from the medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L.
Nishino H, Hayashi T, Arisawa M, Satomi Y, Iwashima A.
Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.
Oncology. 1993 Mar-Apr;50(2):100-3.
Scopadulcic acid B (SDB), a tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated from a medicinal plant, Scoparia dulcis L., inhibited the effects of tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in vitro and in vivo; SDB inhibited TPA-enhanced phospholipid synthesis in cultured cells, and also suppressed the promoting effect of TPA on skin tumor formation in mice initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The potency of SDB proved to be stronger than that of other natural antitumor-promoting terpenoids, such as glycyrrhetinic acid.
PMID: 8451033 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1.
Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Hayashi T, Nago R, Ochiai H, Morita N.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
Antiviral Res. 1988 Sep;9(6):345-54.
The antiviral activity of five diterpenoids isolated from Scoparia dulcis L., Scrophulariaceae, was examined in vitro against herpes simplex virus type 1. Among these compounds, only scopadulcic acid B was found to inhibit the viral replication with the in vitro therapeutic index of 16.7. The action of scopadulcic acid B was not due to a direct virucidal effect or inhibition of virus attachment to host cells. Single-cycle replication experiments indicated that the compound interfered with considerably early events of virus growth. The influence of scopadulcic acid B on the course of the primary corneal herpes simplex virus infection was investigated by means of a hamster test model. When the treatment was initiated immediately after virus inoculation, scopadulcic acid B, when applied orally or intraperitoneally, effectively prolonged both the appearance of herpetic lesions and the survival time at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg per day.
PMID: 2852487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1.
Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Hayashi T, Nago R, Ochiai H, Morita N.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
Antiviral Res. 1988 Sep;9(6):345-54.
The antiviral activity of five diterpenoids isolated from Scoparia dulcis L., Scrophulariaceae, was examined in vitro against herpes simplex virus type 1. Among these compounds, only scopadulcic acid B was found to inhibit the viral replication with the in vitro therapeutic index of 16.7. The action of scopadulcic acid B was not due to a direct virucidal effect or inhibition of virus attachment to host cells. Single-cycle replication experiments indicated that the compound interfered with considerably early events of virus growth. The influence of scopadulcic acid B on the course of the primary corneal herpes simplex virus infection was investigated by means of a hamster test model. When the treatment was initiated immediately after virus inoculation, scopadulcic acid B, when applied orally or intraperitoneally, effectively prolonged both the appearance of herpetic lesions and the survival time at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg per day.
PMID: 2852487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7. Antiviral agents of plant origin. III. Scopadulin, a novel tetracyclic diterpene from Scoparia dulcis L.
Hayashi T, Kawasaki M, Miwa Y, Taga T, Morita N.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
hem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1990 Apr;38(4):945-7.
The structure and stereochemistry of scopadulin, a novel aphidicolane-type diterpene isolated from Scoparia dulcis L. have been established from spectral data and single-crystal X-ray analysis of its acetone solvate.
PMID: 2379289 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8. Cytotoxic diterpenes from Scoparia dulcis.
Ahsan M, Islam SK, Gray AI, Stimson WH.
Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. monira@smpt.udhaka.net
J Nat Prod. 2003 Jul;66(7):958-61.
Four new labdane-derived diterpenes, iso-dulcinol (1), 4-epi-scopadulcic acid B (2), dulcidiol (4), and scopanolal (5), together with two known diterpenes, dulcinol/scopadulciol (3) and scopadiol (6), were isolated from the aerial parts of Scoparia dulcis. The structures were determined by extensive NMR studies. The crude extracts as well as the pure diterpenes showed cytotoxicity against a panel of six human stomach cancer cell lines.
PMID: 12880314 [PubMed - in process]
9. A cytotoxic flavone from Scoparia dulcis L.
Hayashi T, Uchida K, Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Morita N.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1988 Dec;36(12):4849-51.
PMID: 3246045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10. Effect of an aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis on blood glucose, plasma insulin and some polyol pathway enzymes in experimental rat diabetes.
Latha M, Pari L.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India.
Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004 Apr;37(4):577-86. Epub 2004 Mar 23.
The effects of an aqueous extract of the plant Scoparia dulcis (200 mg/kg) on the polyol pathway and lipid peroxidation were examined in the liver of streptozotocin adult diabetic male albino Wistar rats. The diabetic control rats (N = 6) presented a significant increase in blood glucose, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid peroxidation markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides, and a significant decrease in plasma insulin and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) compared to normal rats (N = 6). Scoparia dulcis plant extract (SPEt, 200 mg kg-1 day-1) and glibenclamide (600 microg kg-1 day-1), a reference drug, were administered by gavage for 6 weeks to diabetic rats (N = 6 for each group) and significantly reduced blood glucose, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glycosylated hemoglobin, TBARS, and hydroperoxides, and significantly increased plasma insulin, GPx, GST and GSH activities in liver. The effect of the SPEt was compared with that of glibenclamide. The effect of the extract may have been due to the decreased influx of glucose into the polyol pathway leading to increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and plasma insulin and decreased activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase. These results indicate that the SPEt was effective in attenuating hyperglycemia in rats and their susceptibility to oxygen free radicals.
PMID: 15064821 [PubMed - in process]
11. Efficacy of scopadulcic acid A against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
Riel MA, Kyle DE, Milhous WK.
Department of Parasitology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA. Michael.riel@na.amedd.army.mil
J Nat Prod. 2002 Apr;65(4):614-5
Scoparia dulcis is a perennial herb widely distributed in many tropical countries. It is used as an herbal remedy for gastrointestinal and many other ailments, and in Nicaragua extracts are used to treat malaria. Phytochemical screening has shown that scopadulcic acid A (SDA), scopadulcic acid B (SDB), and semisynthetic analogues are pharmacologically active compounds from S. dulcis. SDB has antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1, antitumor activity in various human cell lines, and direct inhibitory activity against porcine gastric H(+), K(+)-ATPase. A methyl ester of scopadulcic acid B showed the most potent inhibitory activity against gastric proton pumps of 30 compounds tested in one study. Compounds with antiviral, antifungal, and antitumor activity often show activity against Plasmodium falciparum. In P. falciparum, the plasma membrane and food vacuole have H(+)-ATPases and the acidocalcisome has an H(+)-Ppase. These proton pumps are potential targets for antimalarial therapy and may have their function disrupted by compounds known to inhibit gastric proton pumps. We tested pure SDA and found in vitro activity against P. falciparum with an IC(50) of 27 and 19 microM against the D6 and W2 clones, respectively. The IC(50) against the multidrug-resistant isolate, TM91C235, was 23 microM.
PMID: 11975516 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Scoparia dulcis Extract.
Babincova M, Sourivong P.
Department of Biophysics and Chemical Physics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
J Med Food. 2001 Autumn;4(3):179-181.
We studied the scavenging capabilities of an extract of Scoparia dulcis (a cosmopolitan weed widespread in Laos and Vietnam) for 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and measured hemoglobin-catalyzed linoleic acid peroxidation with an oxygen electrode. Our results demonstrated strong antioxidant activity corresponding to mitigation of the generation of hydroxyl radicals, a possible rationale for the observed therapeutic effects of this weed.
PMID: 12639412 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
13. Hypoglycaemic activity of Scopariadulcis L. extract in alloxan induced hyperglycaemic rats.
Pari L, Venkateswaran S.
Department of Biochemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. paribala@sancharnet.in
Phytother Res. 2002 Nov;16(7):662-4.
Scoparia dulcis L. commonly known as ‘Sweet Broomweed’ is widely used in Indian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 g/kg body weight of the aqueous extract of the Scoparia dulcis leaves (SLEt) for 45 days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and an increase in total haemoglobin but in the case of 0.45 g/kg body weight the effect was highly significant. The aqueous extract also prevented a decrease in the body weight. An oral glucose tolerance test was also performed in experimental diabetic rats, in which there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in animals treated with SLEt and the effect was comparable to that of glibenclamide. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 12410548 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
14. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1.
Hayashi K, Niwayama S, Hayashi T, Nago R, Ochiai H, Morita N.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
Antiviral Res. 1988 Sep;9(6):345-54
The antiviral activity of five diterpenoids isolated from Scoparia dulcis L., Scrophulariaceae, was examined in vitro against herpes simplex virus type 1. Among these compounds, only scopadulcic acid B was found to inhibit the viral replication with the in vitro therapeutic index of 16.7. The action of scopadulcic acid B was not due to a direct virucidal effect or inhibition of virus attachment to host cells. Single-cycle replication experiments indicated that the compound interfered with considerably early events of virus growth. The influence of scopadulcic acid B on the course of the primary corneal herpes simplex virus infection was investigated by means of a hamster test model. When the treatment was initiated immediately after virus inoculation, scopadulcic acid B, when applied orally or intraperitoneally, effectively prolonged both the appearance of herpetic lesions and the survival time at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg per day.
PMID: 2852487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
15. Modulatory effect of Scoparia dulcis in oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin diabetic rats.
Latha M, Pari L.
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
Med Food. 2003 Winter;6(4):379-86
In light of evidence that diabetes mellitus is associated with oxidative stress and altered antioxidant status, we investigated the effect of Scoparia dulcis plant extracts (SPEt) (aqueous, ethanolic, and chloroform) in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Significant increases in the activities of insulin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E were observed in liver, kidney, and brain on treatment with SPEt. In addition, the treated groups also showed significant decreases in blood glucose, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and hydroperoxide formation in tissues, suggesting its role in protection against lipid peroxidation-induced membrane damage. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that extracts of S. dulcis, especially the aqueous extract, showed a modulatory effect by attenuating the above lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin diabetes.
PMID: 14977448 [PubMed - in process]
16. In vitro and in vivo study of the clastogenicity of the flavone cirsitakaoside extracted from Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophulariaceae).
Pereira-Martins SR, Takahashi CS, Tavares DC, Torres LM.
Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, MA. Brazil. smartins@rgm.fmrp.usp.br
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1998;18(6):293-302.
The mutagenic effect of the flavone cirsitakaoside extracted from the medicinal herb Scoparia dulcis was evaluated in vitro by using human peripheral blood cultures treated with doses of 5, 10, and 15 microg of the flavone/ml culture medium for 48 h. The compound proved to be mutagenic at the highest concentration tested (15 microg/ml). Furthermore, the proliferative index was significantly reduced in all cultures treated with the flavone, although the mitotic index was not reduced. However, the clastogenic activity of the flavone cirsitakaoside was not observed when Swiss mice were treated orally with doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/animal for 24 h.
PMID: 10052564 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
17. Reversible inhibitions of gastric H+,K(+)-ATPase by scopadulcic acid B and diacetyl scopadol. New biochemical tools of H+,K(+)-ATPase.
Asano S, Mizutani M, Hayashi T, Morita N, Takeguchi N.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
J Biol Chem. 1990 Dec 25;265(36):22167-73.
Scopadulcic acid B (SA-B), a novel diterpenoid, is a main ingredient of the Paraguayan traditional medicinal herb “Typycha kuratu (Scoparia dulcis L.). SA-B and its debenzoyl derivative, diacetyl scopadol (DAS), specifically inhibit ATP hydrolysis of gastric H+,K(+)-ATPase. Both compounds inhibit the K(+)-dependent dephosphorylation step of the enzyme without any effect on the phosphorylation step. SA-B is a mixed-type inhibitor with respect to the activating cation, K+. SA-B lowers the affinity of H+,K(+)-ATPase to K+ and decreases the maximal velocity of ATP hydrolysis, whereas DAS is an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to K+. Furthermore, the effects of SA-B and DAS on conformational states of the ATPase were studied by measuring the changes in the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled enzyme. The fluorescence study shows that SA-B primarily binds to the E2K form in the presence of Mg2+ and stabilizes the form and that DAS stabilizes the E2PK form. Therefore, the chemical modification of SA-B, debenzoylation, induced the changes in the pattern of inhibition of H+,K(+)-ATPase. Furthermore, the inhibition mechanisms of SA-B and DAS were different from those of omeprazole, which is an irreversible inhibitor, and SCH 28080, which is a reversible, competitive inhibitor with respect to K+. DAS also inhibited the K(+)-dependent p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity, and the inhibition was competitive with respect to K+, indicating that the K(+)-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity does not represent the partial reaction step of H+,K(+)-ATPase.
PMID: 2176205 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
18. Scopadulcic acid B, a new tetracyclic diterpenoid from Scoparia dulcis L. Its structure, H+, K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase inhibitory activity and pharmacokinetic behaviour in rats.
Hayashi T, Okamura K, Kakemi M, Asano S, Mizutani M, Takeguchi N, Kawasaki M, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Morita N.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1990 Oct;38(10):2740-5.
The structure of scopadulcic acid B (2, SDB), a major ingredient of the Paraguayan herb “Typycha kuratu” (Scoparia dulcis L.), was elucidated mainly by comparison of its spectral data with that of scopadulcic acid A (1). SDB inhibited both the K(+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of a hog gastric proton pump (H+, K(+)-ATPase) with a value of 20-30 microM for IC50 and proton transport into gastric vesicles. Pharmacokinetic studies of SDB in rats indicated that plasma SDB concentrations after i.v. injection of the sodium salt of SDB (SDB-Na) were described reasonably well by a two-compartment open model with Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics. Plasma concentrations after oral administration of SDB-Na or SDB showed a much slower decline than what was expected following the i. v. study. It was suggested that the sustained plasma level of SDB after oral administration of SDB-Na or SDB was accounted for by relatively slow but efficient gastro-intestinal absorption in rats.
PMID: 1963813 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
19. Efficacy of scopadulcic acid A against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
Riel MA, Kyle DE, Milhous WK.
Department of Parasitology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA. Michael.riel@na.amedd.army.mil
J Nat Prod. 2002 Apr;65(4):614-5.
Scoparia dulcis is a perennial herb widely distributed in many tropical countries. It is used as an herbal remedy for gastrointestinal and many other ailments, and in Nicaragua extracts are used to treat malaria. Phytochemical screening has shown that scopadulcic acid A (SDA), scopadulcic acid B (SDB), and semisynthetic analogues are pharmacologically active compounds from S. dulcis. SDB has antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1, antitumor activity in various human cell lines, and direct inhibitory activity against porcine gastric H(+), K(+)-ATPase. A methyl ester of scopadulcic acid B showed the most potent inhibitory activity against gastric proton pumps of 30 compounds tested in one study. Compounds with antiviral, antifungal, and antitumor activity often show activity against Plasmodium falciparum. In P. falciparum, the plasma membrane and food vacuole have H(+)-ATPases and the acidocalcisome has an H(+)-Ppase. These proton pumps are potential targets for antimalarial therapy and may have their function disrupted by compounds known to inhibit gastric proton pumps. We tested pure SDA and found in vitro activity against P. falciparum with an IC(50) of 27 and 19 microM against the D6 and W2 clones, respectively. The IC(50) against the multidrug-resistant isolate, TM91C235, was 23 microM.
PMID: 11975516 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
20. Scopadulciol, an inhibitor of gastric H+, K(+)-ATPase from Scoparia dulcis, and its structure-activity relationships.
Hayashi T, Asano S, Mizutani M, Takeguchi N, Kojima T, Okamura K, Morita N.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
J Nat Prod. 1991 May-Jun;54(3):802-9.
A new tetracyclic diterpenoid, scopadulciol [3], together with 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone, glutinol, and acacetin, was isolated from the 70% EtOH extract of Scoparia dulcis collected in Taiwan. Its structure was elucidated to be 6 beta-benzoyl-12-methyl-13-oxo-9(12)a,9(12)b-dihomo-18-podocarpanol on the basis of spectral data. It mildly inhibited hog gastric H+, K(+)-ATPase. Examination of the inhibitory activities of derivatives of scopadulcic acid B [2], including 3, revealed that methylation of the carboxyl group and introduction of an acetyl group or oxime at C-13 or C-18 markedly enhanced the inhibitory activity, while debenzoylation reduced the activity. Among the 30 compounds tested, compound 12, a methyl ester of scopadulcic acid B [2], showed the most potent activity.
PMID: 1659612 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE}
21. Scoparic acid A, a beta-glucuronidase inhibitor from Scoparia dulcis.
Hayashi T, Kawasaki M, Okamura K, Tamada Y, Morita N, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Miwa Y, Taga T.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
J Nat Prod. 1992 Dec;55(12):1748-55.
The 70% EtOH extract of Scoparia dulcis showed inhibitory activity against beta-glucuronidase from bovine liver. Bioassay-directed fractionation of the active extract led to the isolation of three labdane-type diterpene acids, scoparic acid A [1] [6-benzoyl-12-hydroxy-labda-8(17), 13-dien-18-oic acid], scoparic acid B [2] [6-benzoyl-14,15-dinor-13-oxo-8(17)-labden-18-oic acid], and scoparic acid C [3] [6-benzoyl-15-nor-14-oxo-8(17)-labden-18-oic acid], the structures of which were established by spectral means, including X-ray analysis. Scoparic acid A was found to be a potent beta-glucuronidase inhibitor.
PMID: 1294695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22. Sympathomimetic effects of Scoparia dulcis L. and catecholamines isolated from plant extracts.
Freire SM, Torres LM, Souccar C, Lapa AJ.
Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Department of Pharmacology, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Jun;48(6):624-8.
The herb Scoparia dulcis L. is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat bronchitis, gastric disorders, haemorrhoids, insect bites and skin wounds, and in oriental medicine to treat hypertension. A previous study has shown that extracts of S. dulcis have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties; in this work the sympathomimetic activity of an ethanolic extract of Scoparia dulcis L. has been investigated in rodent preparations in-vivo and in-vitro. Administration of the extract (0.5-2 mg kg-1, i.v.) to anaesthetized rats produced dose-related hypertension blocked by the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (1 mg kg-1). Partition of the extract in chloroform-water yielded an aqueous phase 20 times more potent than the extract; this produced hypertension in either reserpine-treated or pithed rats. In untreated and reserpine-treated rats the same fraction (1-3 x 10(3) micrograms mL-1) produced concentration-dependent contractions of the vas deferens musculature parallel to those obtained with noradrenaline (10(-8)-10(-4)M). Prazosin (10(-7)M) reduced the maximum contractile effect of the aqueous fraction, and shifted the concentration-response curves for noradrenaline to the right. The aqueous fraction (25 and 50 micrograms mL-1) increased the inotropism of electrically driven left atria of rats, the effect being blocked by propranolol (0.4 microgram mL-1). In preparations of guinea-pig tracheal rings the aqueous fraction (1-3 x 10(3) micrograms mL-1) relaxed the muscle contraction induced by histamine (10(-4) M) in proportion to the concentration. The effect was antagonized competitively by propranolol (1.5 microM). High-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis of the aqueous fraction revealed the presence of both noradrenaline and adrenaline in the plant extract. The results indicated that both catecholamines may account for the hypertensive and inotropic effects obtained after parenteral administration of S. dulcis extracts. This sympathomimetic activity is, however, unrelated to the previously reported analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the plant extract, but may explain its effectiveness upon topical application in the healing of mucosal and skin wounds.
PMID: 8832498 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
23. Medicinal plants used for dogs in Trinidad and Tobago.
Lans C, Harper T, Georges K, Bridgewater E.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago. cher2lans@netscape.net
Prev Vet Med. 2000 Jun 12;45(3-4):201-20.
This paper documents ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat dogs in Trinidad and Tobago. In 1995, a 4-stage process was used to conduct the research and document the ethnoveterinary practices. Twenty-eight ethnoveterinary respondents were identified using the school-essay method, which is a modified rapid rural appraisal (RRA) technique. Semi-structured interviews were held with these respondents as well as with 30 veterinarians, 27 extension officers and 19 animal-health assistants and/or agricultural officers, and the seven key respondents that they identified. The final step involved hosting four participatory workshops with 55 of the respondents interviewed to discuss the ethnoveterinary data generated from the interviews and to determine dosages for some of the plants mentioned. Supplementary interviews were conducted in 1997 and 1998.Seeds of Carica papaya, and leaves of Cassia alata, Azadirachta indica, Gossypium spp., Cajanus cajan and Chenopodium ambrosiodes are used as anthelmintics. The anthelmintics Gossypium spp. and Chenopodium ambrosiodes are the most frequently used species. Crescentia cujete pulp, Musa spp. stem exudate, the inside of the pods of Bixa orellana, leaves of Cordia curassavica and Eclipta alba plant tops are used for skin diseases. Musa spp. stem exudate, seeds of Manilkara zapota, Pouteria sapota and Mammea americana and leaves of Cordia curassavica, Scoparia dulcis and Nicotiana tabacum are used to control ectoparasites. Dogs are groomed with the leaves of Cordia curassavica, Bambusa vulgaris and Scoparia dulcis. Psidium guajava buds and leaves and the bark of Anacardium occidentale are used for diarrhoea. Owners attempt to achieve milk let-down with a decoction of the leaves of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. The plant uses parallel those practised in human folk medicine in other Caribbean countries and in other tropical countries.
Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial
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